Philobiblon: Quod Thesaurus Sapientiae Potissime Sit In Libris

Quod Thesaurus Sapientiae Potissime Sit In Libris

THAT THE TREASURE OF WISDOM IS CHIEFLY CONTAINED IN BOOKS

Chapter One, the Philobiblon

I find most books-about-books interesting, but there can't be many works on book-collecting—that remain relatable and not mere historical curiosities—from the medieval period. The Philobiblon was written by Bishop and bibliophile Richard de Bury in the year (or years) prior to his death in 1345. The title, ‘Philobiblon’, was a word coined by de Bury himself, and translates roughly as ‘love of books’. It promotes the virtues of reading and writing, as well as—what the work is best known for—book-collecting. It can almost be read as a sort of manifesto of the latter. 

Philobiblon (1960)

I was attracted to this particular copy of the book for (several) very specific reasons, entirely unrelated to the content. I'd never previously heard of the Philobiblon. Firstly, it was an attractive looking book; designed by Ruari McLean, in half-leather, with a very traditional looking paper board covering. This edition was also published (in 1960) in honour of Sir Basil Blackwell's birthday; he'd turned seventy in May 1959.

Edition notice

The Blackwell name is inextricably linked with Oxford, books, and Tolkien. Blackwell's had a long association with Tolkien, Basil Blackwell having published Tolkien's poem ‘Goblin Feet’ in 1915.  From Scull & Hammond's Reader's Guide we also know that Tolkien and Basil Blackwell were neighbours for a time, at Northmoor Road, in the 1920s; Tolkien bought Blackwell's house and moved into it (with family) in 1930. See Scull & Hammond's The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion & Guide: Reader's Guide (HarperCollins, 2006, p. 118) for further detail. 

One could tease out further connections; even a few—at several removes—to The Silmarillion. It's a stretch. By 1975, BLACKWELL PRESS—the printing arm of the Blackwell's group—owned BILLING & SONS; who were, of course, responsible for the printing (in 1977) of part of the first edition of The Silmarillion. BLACKWELL'S BOOKSHOP (on Broad Street, Oxford) would also play a prominent role in selling some of the first copies of The Silmarillion on publication day in September 1977. 

More obscurely, KEMP HALL BINDERY (KHB)—who were closely linked to the business of binding books in and around Oxford—were, by the late 1970s, also owned by Blackwell's; although they were still a separate entity in 1960, at the time of this publication. Blackwell's effectively ended their direct involvement in printing in the early 1980s; the KHB group still exists today. 

Title page

Apparently the Philobiblon was one of Blackwell's favourite books. There is no evidence Tolkien read it; Cilli makes no mention of it in his Tolkien's Library: An Annotated Checklist (Luna Press, 2019 [2nd Ed. 2023]). This 1960 edition has the 1888 text and translation by Ernest C. Thomas—probably the translation Blackwell would have been familiar with—with his Introduction, Latin text, and English translation ‘reprinted almost unaltered’; Thomas' associated biographical and bibliographical apparatus are also included.

Michael Maclagan (the editor)—looking over the shoulder of both the translator (E. C. Thomas) and the author (Richard de Bury)—states that Thomas ‘devoted more time to bibliography than to being a barrister’, and that he was ‘a one-book man, and that book was the Philobiblon’. Maclagan's Postscript gives a useful list of modern editions from Thomas (1888) down to the (then) present (1955), listing some seventeen or so; British, American, and European. 

The location and details of manuscripts is also given; Thomas lists nine at Oxford (two in the BODLEIAN LIBRARY), Maclagan adds a few more. It's mentioned more than once how popular the Philobiblon was on the Continent and abroad—especially in Germany—in comparison to the poverty of attention it received at home (in England). Maclagan bemoans that this is still the case in 1960.

The Philobiblon is strangely readable for something written nearly seven-hundred years ago. As Maclagan points out, many parts are entirely relatable to the book-collector of 1960; much of it is  still applicable today. Maclagan suggests that every reader will have their own favourite passages. I suggest, if any chapter should be read in isolation, it should be chapter seventeen. De Bury rages against readers, denouncing their careless handling of books; youths bedew pages with ‘ugly moisture’ from their noses, have ‘fetid filth’ under nails, and further wet books with their ‘spluttering’ while talking. The condemnation is withering; it's an amusing read.

I won't attempt a chapter-by-chapter summary, I'm sure that can be found elsewhere online. The text is public domain. As an alternative to this, I offer up some notes, that I wrote while briefly re-reading. I hope they illustrate the kind of topics Richard de Bury covers over his twenty chapters. I leave them unedited and without comment.

Books contain knowledge.

Wisdom trumps material wealth.

Books allow us to experience things we haven't seen.

Books are good teachers (they don't judge us).

Price should not hinder one acquiring books.

One should buy expensive books (if you have the money).

Unless the seller is unscrupulous.

Or you judge you can acquire it cheaper elsewhere (or later).

Books are mistreated & we don't care for them properly.

We easily forget the knowledge in older books.

People spend time on material cares (& forget about books).

We need to write things down for prosperity.

War is the enemy of books; libraries are destroyed, books burned.

Travelling created opportunity to acquire more books.

His reputation began to precede him (as a book lover).

He declined gifts in preference for soiled tracts & battered codices.

Tedious work & travel didn't always leave time for books.

Make friends of scholars & professors to access books.

Make friends with friars to gain access to more books.

Make the acquaintance of stationers and booksellers.

At home, but also abroad (in France, Germany, and Italy).

Distance, poor weather, and expense are no obstacle.

Schools are another place to find & acquire old books.

Work with copyists, scribes, binders, correctors, and illuminators.

Use these people as magnets to attract (more) books.

The foundation of scholarship is built on the past.

He loves books, but law books not so much.

Since laws are neither art nor science.

We need to understand the meaning of words (& language).

Fiction has merit; it can reveal historical truth through allegory.

Man cannot love both gold and books.

Misers and bookmen make poor company.

Books take us to other places (imaginative & factual).

In books we can climb mountains.

In books we scan the deepest gulfs of the abyss.

Books help us remember things that have past.

We can fix in memory the present by committing them to writing.

The author's voice can be heard in places of exclusion.

The church was built on writing knowledge down (not preaching).

We should take care when opening books.

People are careless when using books.

People mark passages with dirty hands (& nails).

People use straw for bookmarks (eventually causing damage).

People drop food & drink into books.

People fall asleep at the library (on open books).

People use books for pressing flowers.

People leave books lying open to gather dust.

People deface books with marginalia.

People pilfer books for paper (for letter writing).

People steal endpapers (for various uses & abuses).

Hand washing should proceed reading.

Keep children away from books.

The laity (who cannot read) are not to be trusted with books.

We should repair books more promptly.

Moses apparently made the case for the benefits of bookcases.

Students should be able to access books.

We should catalogue our books.

There should be rules around lending books.

 

And so one could go on.